Common Controls
Throw Speed (m/s)
Gravity g (m/s²)
Air Resistance
Drag Coeff k (kg/s)
Ball Mass m (kg)
Terminal vel = 98.0 m/s
F_drag = −k·v | a = −g − (k/m)·v
F_drag = −k·v | a = −g − (k/m)·v
Select Planet
Galileo's Challenge
Drag Coeff k (kg/s)
Ball Mass m (kg)
◌ Ghost = vacuum trajectory
● Solid = with air drag
Heavier ball → less drag effect
● Solid = with air drag
Heavier ball → less drag effect
Select Medium
Ball Radius r (cm)
Ball Density ρ_ball (kg/m³)
⚠ Ball is less dense than fluid — it will float upward! Increase ball density or choose lighter medium.
Terminal vel = — m/s
g_eff = — m/s²
Stokes law: F = 6πηrv
g_eff = — m/s²
Stokes law: F = 6πηrv
Simulation Speed
Collision Results
Collision Time—
Collision Height—
↓ Dropped Speed—
↑ Thrown Speed—
☉ Vacuum
BANG!
t0.00 s
● h_drop20.00 m
● h_throw0.00 m
v_drop0.00 m/s ↓
v_throw0.00 m/s ↑
Dropped from top
Thrown from bottom
Vacuum — Pure Free Fall
What to Observe